Ash and charred bone, the earliest known evidence of controlled use of fire, reveal that human ancestors may have used fire a million years ago, a discovery that researchers say will shed light on this major turning point in human evolution.
Scientists analyzed material from Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa, a massive cavern located near the edge of the Kalahari Desert. Previous excavations there had uncovered an extensive record of human occupation.
Microscopic analysis revealed clear evidence of burning, such as plant ash and charred bone fragments. These materials were apparently burned in the cave, as opposed to being carried in there by wind or water, and were found alongside stone tools in a layer dating back about 1 million years. Surface fracturing of ironstone, the kind expected from fires, was also seen.
Although modern humans are the only human species alive today, originating about 200,000 years ago, other human species once roamed the Earth, such as Homo erectus, which arose about 1.9 million years ago.
"The analysis pushes the timing for the human use of fire back by 300,000 years, suggesting that human ancestors as early as Homo erectus may have begun using fire as part of their way of life," said researcher Michael Chazan, a paleolithic archaeologist at the University of Toronto and director of the university's archaeology center.
The research team's analysis suggests that materials in the cave were not heated above about 1,300 degrees Fahrenheit (700 degrees Celsius). This is consistent with preliminary findings that grasses, brushes and leaves were burned for these fires — such fuel would not have been capable of hotter flames.
Fire would have helped early humans stay warm and keep nighttime predators at bay, and enabled cooking, which would have made food more digestible. In addition, "socializing around a campfire might actually be an essential aspect of what makes us human," Chazan said. "The control of fire would have been a major turning point in human evolution."
Harvard anthropologist Richard Wrangham has speculated that controlled fires and cooked meat even influenced human brain evolution. He suggests that humans were cooking their prey as far back as the first appearance of Homo erectus 1.9 million years ago, just when humans were experiencing major brain expansion, and proposes that cooking allowed our ancestors to evolve larger, more calorie-hungry brains and bodies, and smaller guts suited for more easily digested cooked food.
"It's possible we may find evidence of fire use as early as Wrangham has suggested," Chazan told LiveScience.
Future research will analyze both earlier and later materials from this site to see how fire use might have developed over time.
"We're opening the question of how fire fit into the life of early humans and how that might have changed over time," Chazan said.
The scientists detailed their findings online April 2 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Could superior souled persons such as bcspace make a fire from absolutely scratch? Which technological innovation marks the transition from lesser souled to superior souled persons? Why isn't science addressing these important questions??
Last edited by Guest on Mon Apr 09, 2012 5:06 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Parley P. Pratt wrote:We must lie to support brother Joseph, it is our duty to do so.
“We look to not only the spiritual but also the temporal, and we believe that a person who is impoverished temporally cannot blossom spiritually.” Keith McMullin - Counsellor in Presiding Bishopric
"One, two, three...let's go shopping!" Thomas S Monson - Prophet, Seer, Revelator
Could ensouled persons such as bcspace make a fire from absolutely scratch?
Yes. I have made fire before. Spears too.
Which technological innovation marks the transition from soulless to ensouled persons? Why isn't science addressing these important questions??
I've never proposed soulless or spiritless pre Adamites; merely a different spirit. I have proposed civilization as a good marker for the transition. Date-wise, it is within about one order of magnitude of the typical traditional Christian date. And such could also support the notion of pre Adamities having the same type of spirit (they would seem to have to be under a different plan in that case) and perhaps the revealed knowledge of the Gods being the ignition of civilization rather than ability.
Could ensouled persons such as bcspace make a fire from absolutely scratch?
Yes. I have made fire before. Spears too.
Which technological innovation marks the transition from soulless to ensouled persons? Why isn't science addressing these important questions??
I've never proposed soulless or spiritless pre Adamites; merely a different spirit. I have proposed civilization as a good marker for the transition. Date-wise, it is within about one order of magnitude of the typical traditional Christian date. And such could also support the notion of pre Adamities having the same type of spirit (they would seem to have to be under a different plan in that case) and perhaps the revealed knowledge of the Gods being the ignition of civilization rather than ability.
I couldn't make a fire from scratch. Does that mean I have an animal spirit?
Parley P. Pratt wrote:We must lie to support brother Joseph, it is our duty to do so.
However, since civilization is the determinative factor as to whether a human body is inhabited by a human spirit---in other words, whether one is a human being---I see no compelling reason to treat these uncivilized inhuman spirits living in human bodies as any more or less than the wild animals that they are.
In fact, let's just stop with the question-begging terminology and cease referring to these wild animals as indigenous "people."
However, since civilization is the determinative factor as to whether a human body is inhabited by a human spirit---in other words, whether one is a human being---I see no compelling reason to treat these uncivilized inhuman spirits living in human bodies as any more or less than the wild animals that they are.
In fact, let's just stop with the question-begging terminology and cease referring to these wild animals as indigenous "people."
Indeed. Until I see some proper Jesus sandals, carts and stone work, these creatures must be classified as animals:
Parley P. Pratt wrote:We must lie to support brother Joseph, it is our duty to do so.
And since they are animals, let's capture them, reduce them to chattel and laden them with task like beasts of burden. Cheap labor is good for the bottom line. Imagine the savings if we could've had these animals build the mall......
It is better to be a warrior in a garden, than a gardener at war.
Some of us, on the other hand, actually prefer a religion that includes some type of correlation with reality. ~Bill Hamblin
However, since civilization is the determinative factor as to whether a human body is inhabited by a human spirit
Never said any such thing. Civilization is merely a marker. It's now possible or more likely for civilization to occur. Your statement shows and astounding lack of ignorance on the subject of evolution.
However, since civilization is the determinative factor as to whether a human body is inhabited by a human spirit
Never said any such thing. Civilization is merely a marker. It's now possible or more likely for civilization to occur. Your statement shows and astounding lack of ignorance on the subject of evolution.
Evolution states that homo sapiens predate the advent of civilization by hundreds of thousands of years. There is no material difference between you and a man living 100,000 years ago.
Parley P. Pratt wrote:We must lie to support brother Joseph, it is our duty to do so.
