Kishkumen wrote: ↑Sun Oct 02, 2022 9:47 am
msnobody wrote: ↑Sun Oct 02, 2022 2:52 am
Maybe were at an impasse. Seems we are both seeking the burden of proof from one another.
Since the existence of hell is a positive claim, the ones claiming it exists must bear the burden of proof. The first clear articulation of hell comes from St. Augustine in his
City of God. Feel free to correct me on that.
Kishkumen,
https://coldcasechristianity.com/writin ... bout-hell/
I asked google about Tertullian and hell, finds a site with a variety of quotes,
first quote from Ignatius, site has extended list , I only copied a few, Tertullian makes his appearance later
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"Corrupters of families will not inherit the kingdom of God. And if they who do these things according to the flesh suffer death. how much more if a man corrupt by evil reaching the faith of God. for the sake of which Jesus Christ was crucified? A man become so foul will depart into unquenchable fire: and so will anyone who listens to him." (Letter to the Ephesians 16:1-2)
From Clement of Rome (150AD)
Clement was Bishop of Rome from 88 to 98AD, and his teaching reflects the early traditions of the Church. “Second Clement” reportedly a recorded sermon, and Clement discusses the nature of Hell:
If we do the will of Christ, we shall obtain rest; but if not, if we neglect his commandments, nothing will rescue us from eternal punishment (“Second Clement” 5:5)
But when they see how those who have sinned and who have denied Jesus by their words or by their deeds are punished with terrible torture in unquenchable fire, the righteous, who have done good, and who have endured tortures and have hated the luxuries of life, will give glory to their God saying, ‘There shall be hope for him that has served God with all his heart!’ (“Second Clement” 17:7)
From “The Martyrdom of Polycarp” (155AD)
This work was written by an Early Church Father (unknown author) and is dated very early in the history of Christianity. It describes the death of Polycarp, a disciple of the Apostle John, and also describes early teachings of the church:
Fixing their minds on the grace of Christ, [the martyrs] despised worldly tortures and purchased eternal life with but a single hour. To them, the fire of their cruel torturers was cold. They kept before their eyes their escape from the eternal and unquenchable fire (“Martyrdom of Polycarp” 2:3)
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I can see uncertainty about the idea of hell in the Bible. I also do not think it is reasonable to expect to find answers to every question in the Bible. Hunting for comments which might be clues is an uncertain matter.
Still I think that starting the idea of eternal life or resurrection after death combines with the idea of judgement and the elimination of the evil men do creates a space in which the idea of hell takes shape. Perhaps with partial agreement with Kishkumens statement I do not think pictures of hell are the only possiblity for that space. Either purgatory or a second complete death might be thought of.