1.1 Expectancy-Value Theory
Expectancy of success refers to the individual's expectation that he or she can succeed at the challenging task, such as majoring in engineering. Expectations for success develop over childhood and adolescence (see Butler, 2014 [Chapter 1 of this volume]) and are shaped by factors such as self-concept of abilities (e.g. “I am good at math so I can succeed in engineering”), gender stereotypes (e.g. “I am a girl and engineering is for men”), the beliefs of socializers such as parents (e.g. “my daughter is good at math and thus engineering would be a good field for her”), and previous achievement-related experiences (e.g. “I scored in the 99th percentile on my state's standardized math test”).
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Which is not evidence that sexism and discrimination are common in universities.