Stop and frisk data consistently show that about 3 percent of these encounters produce any evidence of a crime. So 97 percent-plus of these people are getting punished solely because they belong to a group that statistically commits some crimes at a higher rate. That ought to bother us.
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/ar ... sk/278065/
A New York Times examination after the death of George Floyd found that while black people make up 19 percent of the Minneapolis population and 9 percent of its police, they were on the receiving end of 58 percent of the city’s police use-of-force incidents.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/202 ... force.html
A massive study published in May 2020 of 95 million traffic stops by 56 police agencies between 2011 and 2018 found that while black people were much more likely to be pulled over than whites, the disparity lessens at night, when police are less able to distinguish the race of the driver. The study also found that blacks were more likely to be searched after a stop, though whites were more likely to be found with illicit drugs. The darker the sky, the less pronounced the disparity between white and black motorists.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-0858-1
An August 2019 study published by the National Academy of Sciences based on police-shooting databases found that between 2013 and 2018, black men were about 2.5 times more likely than white men to be killed by police, and that black men have a 1-in-1,000 chance of dying at the hands of police. Black women were 1.4 more times likely to be killed than white women. Latino men were 1.3 to 1.4 times more likely to be killed than white men. Latino women were between 12 percent and 23 percent less likely to be killed than white women.
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/police_mort_open.pdf
A 2019 study of 11,000 police stops over about four weeks in the District found that while black people make up 46 percent of the city’s population, they accounted for 70 percent of police stops, and 86 percent of stops that didn’t involve traffic enforcement.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/pu ... story.html
An October 2019 report in the Los Angeles Times found that during traffic stops, “24% of black drivers and passengers were searched, compared with 16% of Latinos and 5% of whites.” The same study also found that police were slightly more likely to find drugs, weapons or other contraband among whites.
https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la- ... story.html
A 2019 study of police stops in Cincinnati found that black motorists were 30 percent more likely to be pulled over than white motorists. Black motorists also comprised 76 percent of arrests following a traffic stop despite making up 43 percent of the city’s population.
https://www.cincinnati.com/story/opinio ... 666685001/
A 2020 report by the Austin Office of Police Oversight, Office of Innovation and Equity Office found that blacks and Latinos were more likely than whites to be stopped, searched and arrested despite similar “hit rates” for illicit drugs among those groups.
http://www.austintexas.gov/edims/pio/do ... ?id=334984
A 2019 study of the Columbus, Ohio, police department found that while black people make up 28 percent of the city’s population, about half of the use-of-force incidents by city police were against black residents.
https://www.dispatch.com/news/20190821/ ... tudy-finds
A 2019 study of policing in Charleston, S.C., found that 61 percent of use-of-force incidents were against black people, who make up about 22 percent of the city’s population.
https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnew ... bd.pdf.pdf
This 2017 study offers the largest-to-date field experiment testing the effect of criminal records on employment access. It confirms that even fairly minor felony records have large negative effects on employer callbacks across a variety of subsamples defined by applicant and job characteristics. The effect on labor market access may ultimately be limited by employers’ voluntary or mandatory elimination of the criminal record box on job applications. Although the policy concerns associated with Ban-the-Box are complicated our results here support its basic premise: when employers inquire about them, felony convictions reduce access to job opportunities.
https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/vi ... t=articles